Bridge Construction

LRFD see deterrent example for celestial latitude 2003 FHWA NHI-04-041 brace Girder Superstructure duet Prepargond for FHWA / National channel Institute Washington, DC US Units Prep bed by Michael bread maker Jr Inc Moon Township, Pennsylvania phylogenesis of a Comprehensive externalise caseful for a sword Girder connect with explanation formulate cover flowcharts for Superstructure and Substructure fancys Prepared by Michael bread maker Jr. , Inc. no.ember 2003 good wrap up Documentation Page 1. 4. Report zero(prenominal) 2. Government Accession No. 3. 5. Recipients Catalog No.Report understand FHWA NHI 04-041 Title and Subtitle LRFD externalise warning for steel Girder Superstructure yoke with Commentary 7. Author (s) declination 2003 6. causeing arranging Code Raymond A. Hartle, P. E. , Kenneth E. Wilson, P. E. , S. E. , William A. Amrhein, P. E. , S. E. , Scott D. Zang, P. E. , Justin W. Bouscher, E. I. T. , Laura E. Volle, E. I. T. 8. Performing Organ ization Report No. B25285 001 0200 HRS 10. 11. 13. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Contract or Grant No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address Michael Baker Jr. , Inc.Related reading Padma Bridge ParagraphAirside Business Park, 100 Airside attempt Moon Township, PA 15108 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address DTFH61-02-D-63001 Type of Report and Period Covered Federal Highway Administration National Highway Institute (HNHI-10) 4600 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 800 Arlington, Virginia 22203 15. Supplementary comments Final Submission August 2002 December 2003 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Baker Principle Investigator Raymond A. Hartle, P. E. Baker run a coddle Managers Raymond A. Hartle, P. E. and Kenneth E. Wilson, P. E. , S. E. FHWA Contracting Officers Technical Representative Thomas K.Saad, P. E. team up Leader, Technical Review Team Firas I. Sheikh Ibrahim, Ph. D. , P. E. 16. Abstract This document consists of a comprehensive steel girder bridge programme example, with instructional interpretation base on the AASHTO LRFD Bridge aspiration Specifications (Second Edition, 1998, including interims for 1999 through 2002). The physique example and commentary are intended to serve as a guide to abet bridge approach pattern engineers with the implementation of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge externalize Specifications, and is offered in both(prenominal) US Customary Units and Standard International Units.This project includes a diminutive outline and a series of flowcharts that serve as the basis for the program example. The throw example includes detailed endeavor computations for the following bridge features cover deck, steel plate girder, come offed field splice, pluck connectors, military capability stiffeners, welded connections, elastomeric bearing, cantilever abutment and wingw both, bonehead pier, and pile foundations. To make this resuscitateence user-friendly, the numbers and titles of the design steps are consistent between the detailed outline, t he flowcharts, and the design example.In addition to design computations, the design example also includes many tables and figures to illustrate the various design procedures and many AASHTO references. AASHTO references are presented in a dedicated column in the indemnifyfulness margin of each page, immediately next to the corresponding design procedure. The design example also includes commentary to explain the design logic in a user-friendly way. Addition aloney, tip boxes are used throughout the design example computations to present useful information, common practices, and rules of thumb for the bridge designer.Tips do not explain what essential be done found on the design specifications rather, they present suggested alternatives for the designer to consider. A figure is generally provided at the end of each design step, summarizing the design results for that particular bridge element. The depth psychology that served as the basis for this design example was performed employ the AASHTO Opis software. A prove input file and selected excerpts from the corresponding output file are include in this document. 17. Key Words 18. statistical distribution StatementBridge aim, brand name Girder, shoot and granting immunity Factor founding, LRFD, concrete illustrate, Bolted surface area link, Hammerhead wharf, Cantilever Abutment, Wingwall, Pile pedestal 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) This report is available to the public from the National Technical entropy inspection and repair in Springfield, Virginia 22161 and from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402. 21. No. of Pages 22. Price declassified Form DOT F 1700. 7 (8-72) Unclassified 644 Reproduction of end page authorizedThis page intentionally left keep ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would manage to express appreciation to the Illinois part of Transportation, Washington State Department of Transporta tion, and Mr. Mike Grubb, BSDI, for providing expertise on the Technical Review Committee. We would also like to acknowledge the contributions of the following staff members at Michael Baker Jr. , Inc. Tracey A. Anderson Jeffrey J. Campbell, P. E. crowd A. Duray, P. E. John A. Dziubek, P. E. David J. Foremsky, P. E. Maureen Kanfoush Herman Lee, P. E. Joseph R. McKool, P. E. Linda Montagna V. Nagaraj, P. E. Jorge M. Suarez, P. E.Scott D. Vannoy, P. E. Roy R. Weil Ruth J. Williams Table of Contents 1. flow diagraming Conventions 2. flowcharts Main flow sheet graph 1 ecumenical tuition chart 2 concrete bedight bod chart 3 blade Girder stick out chart 4 Bolted expanse bond function map 5 multi asquint mark contrive graph 6 rush formula graph 7 Abutment and Wingwall formula map 8 docking facility determination map P Pile Foundation see flow diagrams externalise pillow slip for a Two-Span Bridge Flowcharting Conventions strike A process may have an e ntry charge from more than one path. An arrowhead going into a process signifies an entry point.Unique episode identifier Process description Reference Process A normal measurement map or AASHTO Reference Unless the process is a decision, there is solo one exit point. A line going out of a process signifies an exit point. Commentary to provide additional information close to the decision or process. Flowchart reference or article in AASHTO LRFD Bridge object Specifications Supplemental entropy No Decision Yes Process traffic pattern graduation chart or AASHTO Reference Go to some other Flowchart FHWA LRFD marque intention typesetters case 1 Flowcharts contrive specimen for a Two-Span Bridge Main Flowchart cause excogitate gait 1 oecumenical Information map 1 envision measurement 2 cover embroider shape graph 2 construct step 3 make Girder endeavor graph 3 espouses are generally indispensable for girders that are too long to be transported to the bridge site in one piece. Yes No argon girder splices unavoidable? rule standard 4 Bolted subject area join target graph 4 see gait 5 dissimilar Steel flesh chart 5 Go to A FHWA LRFD Steel founding caseful 1 Flowcharts programme Example for a Two-Span Bridge Main Flowchart (Continued) A bearing misuse 6 appearance founding map 6 program dance step 7 Abutment and Wingwall chassis map 7 anatomy metre 8 Pier practice chart 8 programme mensuration 9 various construct chart 9 end spirit 10 Special victual and cost come close map 10 end Completed Note purpose tone of voice P is used for pile foundation design for the abutments, wingwalls, or piers. FHWA LRFD Steel envision Example 2 Flowcharts heading Example for a Two-Span Bridge oecumenical Information Flowchart graph 1 bring out light heading footfall 1 planetary Information graph 1 cover ditch visualize chart 2 Steel Girder determination map 3 excogitation feel 2 formulate flavor 1. 1 incur picture Criteria devise blackguard 3 No Are girder splices mandatory? Yes shape cadence 4 Bolted ambit attach envision map 4 mixed Steel name chart 5 Bearing stick out chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall aim graph 7 Pier project graph 8 conglomerate formulate graph 9 Special commissariat and greet bode Chart 10 foundation Completed Includes Governing specifications, codes, and standards programme ruleology fit pack requirements Bridge breadth requirements Clearance requirements Bridge length requirements real(a) properties Future erosion surface lodge modifiers function footfall 5 externalize timbre 6 normal footstep 1. 2 mother Geometry Requirements aim abuse 7 Includes Horizontal curve data and coincidence Vertical curve data and grades purport shout 8 image tint 9 Yes jut out timbre 10Does client require a Span Arrangement claim? No Includes need bridge token Determine cut through arrangement Determine substructure locations count sweep lengths visualize horizontal headway picture abuse 1. 3 Perform Span Arrangement Study invent feel 1. 3 lease Bridge Type and Develop Span Arrangement Go to A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge General Information Flowchart (Continued) Chart 1 vex Design tone 1 General Information Chart 1 concrete bedeck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 A Design pure tone 2 Design ill-treat 3 No Are girder splices unavoidable?Design look 1. 4 Yes Obtain Geotechnical Recommendations Design whole step 4 Bolted Field marry Design Chart 4 unlike Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special viands and toll suppose Chart 10 Design Completed Design tincture 5 Includes leaden logs Foundation type recommendations for all substructures deductible bearing pressure Allowable settlement Overturning Sliding Allowable pile electric underground (axial and lateral) Design amount 6 Design measuring 7 Design flavor 8 Yes Does client require a Type, Size and Location Study?No Design metre 9 Design meter 10 Includes Select steel girder types Girder spacing Approximate girder depth memorize vertical clearance Design measure 1. 5 Perform Type, Size and Location Study Design standard 1. 5 Determine Optimum Girder Configuration Design beat 1. 6 Plan for Bridge Aesthetics S2. 5. 5 Considerations include Function Proportion Harmony Order and rhythm Contrast and texture Light and shadow Return to Main Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge cover Deck Design Flowchart Chart 2 puzzle come forward General Information Chart 1 Design pace 1Design ill-use 2. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design whole tone 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 3 Includes Girder spacing Number of girders overstep and bottom cover Concrete strength Rein forcing steel strength Concrete density Future wearing surface Concrete parapet properties applicable demoralise combinations Resistance factors To compute the sound span length, S, assume a girder surmount lip width that is conservatively little than anticipated. The deck overhang region is required to be designed to have a resistance larger than the actual resistance of the concrete parapet.Based on Design locomote 2. 3 and 2. 4 and based on client standards. No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 dissimilar Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special provision and Cost prefigure Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 2. 2 Determine negligible Slab Thickness S2. 5. 2. 6. 3 & S9. 7. 1. 1 Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 2. 3 Determine minimal project Thickness S13. 7. 3. 1. 2 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design S tep 2. Select Slab and beetle Thickness Design Step 10 Yes resembling Strip order? (S4. 6. 2) No Other deck design methods are presented in S9. 7. Design Step 2. 5 encipher Dead Load do S3. 5. 1 & S3. 4. 1 Includes moments for component dead freightage (DC) and wearing surface dead hindrance (DW). Go to A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Concrete Deck Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 2 A stir up General Information Chart 1 Design Step 2. 6 opine exsert Load effects S3. 6. 1. 3 & S3. 4. 1 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 3 Design Step 2. 7 Compute Factored absolute and damaging Design Moments S4. 6. 2. 1 Considerations include Dynamic load allowance (S3. 6. 2. 1) quaternary presence factor (S3. 6. 1. 1. 2) AASHTO moment table for equivalent strip method (STable A4. 1-1) No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscel laneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost suppose Chart 10 Design CompletedDesign Step 2. 8 Design for Positive bend dexter in Deck S5. 7. 3 Resistance factor for sheep pen is found in S5. 5. 4. 2. 1. get together also S5. 7. 2. 2 and S5. 7. 3. 3. 1. Generally, the bottom thwartwise reenforcement in the deck is analyse for crack crack. The live load negative moment is calculated at the design class to the unspoilt and to the left of each indoor girder, and the extreme value is applicable to all design dents (S4. 6. 2. 1. 1). Generally, the lift transverse support in the deck is checked for crack control. Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 2. 9 Design Step 7 stop consonant for Positive Flexure Cracking under benefit Limit State S5. 7. 3. 4 & S5. 7. 1 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 2. 10 Design for Negative Flexure in Deck S4. 6. 2. 1 & S5. 7. 3 Design Step 10 Design Step 2. 11 sort out for Negative Flexure Cracking under improvement Limit State S5. 7. 3. 4 & S5. 7. 1 Design Step 2. 12 Design for Flexure in Deck Overhang S5. 7. 3. 4, S5. 7. 1 & SA13. 4 Go to B FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Concrete Deck Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 2 For concrete parapets, the case of vertical collision never controls.B Design case 1 Design Overhang for Horizontal vehicular Collision Force SA13. 4. 1 Design Case 2 Design Overhang for Vertical Collision Force SA13. 4. 1 Design Case 3 Design Overhang for Dead Load and Live Load SA13. 4. 1 Check at Case Inside Face 1A of parapet Check at Case Design 1B Section in Overhang Check at Case Design 1C Section in start-off Span Check at Case Design 3A Section in Overhang Check at Case Design 3B Section in First Span As(Overhang) = maximum of the above five reinforcing steel areas Start General Information Chart 1 Design Step 1 D esign Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Yes Design Step 3 As(Overhang) As(Deck)? No No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed intake As(Overhang) in overhang. Use As(Deck) in overhang. Check for Cracking in Overhang under Service Limit State S5. 7. 3. 4 & S5. 7. 1 The overhang reinforcing steel must satisfy both the overhang requirements and the deck requirements.Design Step 5 Design Step 2. 13 Design Step 6 Does not control the design in most cases. Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 2. 14 Compute Overhang Cut-off Length Requirement S5. 11. 1. 2 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Go to C FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 3 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Concrete Deck Design Flowchart (Continu ed) Chart 2 C Start General Information Chart 1 Design Step 2. 15 Compute Overhang Development Length S5. 11. 2 Appropriate correction factors must be included. Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3Design Step 2. 16 Design Bottom Longitudinal Distribution Reinforcement S9. 7. 3. 2 Design Step 3 Compute effective Span Length, S, in accordance with S9. 7. 2. 3. Based on temperature and shrinkage reinforcement requirements. No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 2. 17 Design Top Longitudinal Distribution Reinforcement S5. 0. 8. 2 Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 2. 18 Design Longitudinal Reinforcement over Piers Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Yes Continuous ste el girders? No Design Step 10 For impartial span precast girders made continuous for live load, design top longitudinal reinforcement over piers according to S5. 14. 1. 2. 7. For continuous steel girders, design top longitudinal reinforcement over piers according to S6. 10. 3. 7. Design Step 2. 19 mint Schematic of Final Concrete Deck Design Return to Main Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 4 FlowchartsDesign Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart Chart 3 Start Includes project specific design criteria (such as span configuration, girder configuration, initial spacing of cross frames, material properties, and deck slab design) and design criteria from AASHTO (such as load factors, resistance factors, and multiple presence factors). Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 1 Design Step 3. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4Bolt ed Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed A Design Step 3. 2 Select Trial Girder Section Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Yes Composite section? No Considerations include Sequence of loading (S6. 10. 3. 1. 1a) sound flange width (S4. 6. 2. 6) Design Step 10 Design Step 3. 3 Compute Section Properties for Composite Girder S6. 10. 3. 1Design Step 3. 3 Compute Section Properties for Non coordination compound Girder S6. 10. 3. 3 Go to B FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 B Includes component dead load (DC) and wearing surface dead load (DW). Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 3. 4 Compute Dead Load effects S3. 5. 1 Design Step 1 D esign Step 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 3. 5 Compute Live Load Effects S3. 6. 1 Considerations include LL distribution factors (S4. . 2. 2) Dynamic load allowance (S3. 6. 2. 1) Includes load factors and load combinations for strength, service, and fag throttle states. Considerations include General proportions (6. 10. 2. 1) weathervane fineness (6. 10. 2. 2) Flange proportions (6. 10. 2. 3) Go to A No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 3. Combine Load Effects S3. 4. 1 Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 3. 7 Check Section Proportion Limits S6. 10. 2 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Are section proportions adequate? Yes Go to C No FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowchar ts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 C Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes No Composite section? Yes Design Step 4Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Design Step 3. 8 Compute Plastic Moment Capacity S6. 10. 3. 1. 3 & Appendix A6. 1 Considerations include Web sparsity capsule flange slenderness (N only) Compression flange bracing (N only) Ductility (P only) Plastic forces and neutral axis (P only) Design for Flexure persuasiveness Limit State S6. 10. (Flexural resistance in term of stress) Considerations include computations at end panels and interior panels for stiffened or partially sti ffened girders Computation of plume resistance Check D/tw for shear Check sack up fatigue stress (S6. 10. 6. 4) Check handling requirements Check nominal shear resistance for constructability (S6. 10. 3. 2. 3) Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 D Design Step 3. 9 Determine if Section is deep or Noncompact S6. 10. 4. 1 Design Step 10 Yes Design for Flexure Strength Limit State S6. 10. 4 (Flexural resistance in terms of moment) Compact section? No Design Step 3. 10 Design Step 3. 0 Design Step 3. 11 Design for Shear S6. 10. 7 Note P denotes Positive Flexure. N denotes Negative Flexure. Go to E FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 3 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 E No Transverse intermediate stiffeners? If no stiffeners are used, then the girder must be designed for shear based on the use of an unstiffened web. Design includes Select single-plate or double-plate Compute projecting width, moment of iner tia, and area Check slenderness requirements (S6. 10. 8. 1. 2) Check stiffness requirements (S6. 10. 8. 1. 3) Check strength requirements (S6. 0. 8. 1. 4) If no longitudinal stiffeners are used, then the girder must be designed for shear based on the use of either an unstiffened or a transversely stiffened web, as applicable. Design includes Determine required locations Select stiffener sizes Compute projecting width and moment of inertia Check slenderness requirements Check stiffness requirements Yes Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 1 Design Step 3. 12 Design Transverse Intermediate Stiffeners S6. 10. 8. 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed No Longitudinal stiffeners? Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Yes Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 3. 13 Design Longitudinal Stiffeners S6. 10. 8. 3 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Go to F FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 4 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 F No Is stiffened web most apostrophize effective? Yes Use unstiffened web in steel girder design.Use stiffened web in steel girder design. Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3. 14 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design for Flexure moil and Fracture Limit State S6. 6. 1. 2 & S6. 10. 6 No Are girder splices required? Yes Check Fatigue load (S3. 6. 1. 4) Load-induced fatigue (S6. 6. 1. 2) Fatigue requirements for webs (S6. 10. 6) Distortion induced fatigue Fracture Compute Live load deflection (optional) (S2. 5. 2. 6. 2) Permanent deflection (S6. 10. 5) Check Web slenderness Compression flange slenderness Compression flange bracing ShearDesign Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Design Step 3. 15 Design for Flexure Service Limit State S2. 5. 2. 6. 2 & S6. 10. 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 3. 16 Design for Flexure Constructibility Check S6. 10. 3. 2 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Go to G FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 5 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Steel Girder Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 3 GStart General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Design Step 3. 17 Check Wind Effects on Girder Flanges S6. 10. 3. 5 Design Step 1 Refer to Design Step 3. 9 for determination of compact or noncompact section. Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Have all coercive and negative flexure design sections been checked?No Go to D (and repeat flexural checks) Design Step 5 Yes Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Were all specification checks satisfied, and is the girder optimized? No Go to A Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Yes Design Step 3. 18 Draw Schematic of Final Steel Girder Design Return to Main Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 6 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Bolted Field Splice Design Flowchart Chart 4 Start Includes Splice location Girder section properties Material and bolt properties Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3Design Step 4. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 D esign Step 4. 2 Select Girder Section as Basis for Field Splice Design S6. 13. 6. 1. 1 Design bolted field splice based on the smaller adjacent girder section (S6. 13. 6. 1. 1). No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed left wing Design Step 5 Which adjacent girder section is smaller? RightDesign Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design bolted field splice based on left adjacent girder section properties. Design bolted field splice based on right adjacent girder section properties. Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Design Step 4. 3 Compute Flange Splice Design Loads 6. 13. 6. 1. 4c Includes Girder moments Strength stresses and forces Service stresses and forces Fatigue stresses and forces Controlling and noncontrolling flange Construction m oments and shears Go to A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Bolted Field Splice Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 4Check Yielding / fracture of splice plates lay off shear rupture resistance (S6. 13. 4) Shear of flange bolts Slip resistance Minimum spacing (6. 13. 2. 6. 1) Maximum spacing for sealing (6. 13. 2. 6. 2) Maximum throw out for stitch bolts (6. 13. 2. 6. 3) Edge distance (6. 13. 2. 6. 6) Bearing at bolt holes (6. 13. 2. 9) Fatigue of splice plates (6. 6. 1) Control of permanent deflection (6. 10. 5. 2) A Design Step 4. 4 Design Bottom Flange Splice 6. 13. 6. 1. 4c Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required?Design Step 4. 5 Yes Design Top Flange Splice S6. 13. 6. 1. 4c Check Refer to Design Step 4. 4 Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 4. 6 Design Step 7 Compute Web Splice Design Loads S6. 13. 6. 1. 4b Design Step 8 Check Girder shear forces Shear resistance for strength Web moments and horizontal force resultants for strength, service and fatigueDesign Step 9 Design Step 10 Go to B FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Bolted Field Splice Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 4 B Check Bolt shear strength Shear submissive of splice plate (6. 13. 5. 3) Fracture on the net section (6. 13. 4) Block shear rupture resistance (6. 13. 4) Flexural yielding of splice plates Bearing resistance (6. 13. 2. 9) Fatigue of splice plates (6. 6. 1. 2. 2) Both the top and bottom flange splices must be designed, and they are designed using the same procedures.Are both the top and bottom flange splice desi gns completed? No Go to A Design Step 4. 7 Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 1 Design Web Splice S6. 13. 6. 1. 4b Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Design Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Design Step 7Yes Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Do all bolt patterns satisfy all specifications? No Go to A Yes Design Step 4. 8 Draw Schematic of Final Bolted Field Splice Design Return to Main Flowchart FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 3 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Miscellaneous Steel Design Flowchart Chart 5 Start No Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Composite section? For a composite section, shear connectors are required to develop composite action between the steel girder and the concrete deck.Design includes Shear connector expand (type, length, diameter, transverse spacing, cover, penetration, and pitch) Design for fatigue resistance (S6. 10. 7. 4. 2) Check for strength limit state (positive and negative flexure regions) (S6. 10. 7. 4. 4) Design includes Determine required locations (abutments and interior supports) Select stiffener sizes and arrangement Compute projecting width and effective section Check bearing resistance Check axial resistance Check slenderness requirements (S6. 9. 3) Check nominal compressive resistance (S6. 9. 2. 1 and S6. 9. 4. ) Design Step 1 Yes Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Design Step 5. 1 Yes Design Shear Connectors S6. 10. 7. 4 Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Design Step 5 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Desig n Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 6 Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 5. 2 Design Bearing Stiffeners S6. 10. 8. 2 Design Step 10 Go to A FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 1Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Miscellaneous Steel Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 5 A Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 1 Design Design Welded Connections Step 5. 3 S6. 13. 3 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Design includes Determine required locations Determine weld type Compute factored resistance (tension, compression, and shear) Check effective area (required and minimum) Check minimum effective length requirements To determine the need for diaphragms or cross frames, refer to S6. . 4. 1. No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 No Are diaphragms or cross frames required? Design Step 5 Miscellan eous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design Step 6 Yes Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 10 Design Step 5. 4 Design Cross-frames S6. 7. 4 Go to BDesign includes Obtain required locations and spacing (determined during girder design) Design cross frames over supports and intermediate cross frames Check transfer of lateral wind loads Check stability of girder compression flanges during erection Check distribution of vertical loads applied to structure Design cross frame members Design connections FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 2 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Miscellaneous Steel Design Flowchart (Continued) Chart 5 B Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 1 No Is lateral bracing required?To determine the need for lateral bracin g, refer to S6. 7. 5. 1. Design Step 2 Design Step 3 Yes No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Design Step 5. 5 Design lateral pass Bracing S6. 7. 5 Design Step 5 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design Completed Design includes Check transfer of lateral wind loads Check control of distortion during erection and placement of deck Design bracing members Design connections Design Step 6Design Step 7 Design Step 8 Design Step 9 Design Step 5. 6 Compute Girder bank S6. 7. 2 Design Step 10 Return to Main Flowchart Compute the following bank components banking company due to dead load of structural steel Camber due to dead load of concrete deck Camber due to superimposed dead load Camber due to vertical profile Residual camber (if any) Total camber FHWA LRFD Steel Design Example 3 Flowcharts Design Example for a Two-Span Bridge Bearing Design Flowchart Chart 6 Start Includes Movement (longitudinal and transverse) Rotation (longitudinal, transverse, and vertical) Loads (longitudinal, transverse, and vertical)Start General Information Chart 1 Concrete Deck Design Chart 2 Steel Girder Design Chart 3 Design Step 6. 1 Obtain Design Criteria Design Step 1 Design Step 2 Design Step 3 No Are girder splices required? Yes Design Step 6. 2 Select Optimum Bearing Type S14. 6. 2 See list of bearing types and selection criteria in AASHTO Table 14. 6. 2-1. Design Step 4 Bolted Field Splice Chart 4 Miscellaneous Steel Design Chart 5 Design Step 5 Design Step 6 Bearing Design Chart 6 Abutment and Wingwall Design Chart 7 Pier Design Chart 8 Miscellaneous Design Chart 9 Special Provisions and Cost Estimate Chart 10 Design CompletedSteelreinforced elastomeric bearing? No Design selected bearing type in accordance with S14. 7. Includes Pad length Pad width Thickness of elastomeric layers N umber of steel reinforcement layers Thickness of steel reinforcement layers Edge distance Material properties system A usually results in a bearing with a lower capacity than Method B. However, Method B requires additional testing and quality control (SC14. 7. 5. 1). Note Method A is described in S14. 7. 6. Method B is described in S14. 7. 5. Design Step 7 Yes Design Step 8 Design Step 9 A