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Sunday, February 24, 2019

Critique on Mm Theory Essay

It does not matter what the star signs dividend policy is (Modigliani and moth miller 958). The basic assumptions of MM scheme are 1 . The company only has the long-term bonds and common telephone circuits, both bonds and stock trade in the complete slap-up market with no act cost 2. The individual investors and corpo wander investors could gain the like interest rate with no liability risk 3. The companies with similar operating conditions have the same business risks 4. Investors hold the same expectations on the average business bread in future 5.All cash flows are perpetual annuities, including EBIT (Earnings forwards interest and revenue enhancement) etc, that is, the growth ate of the opening is zero (Modigliani and miller 1958). The evolution of MM theory mostly experienced three stages 1 . No- valuate model. The starting MM model takes no account of corporate taxations 2. Corporate tax model. Modigliani and Miller (1963) published Corporate Income Taxes and the Cost of Capital A Correction, which disentangled its initial assumptions, introduced corporate tax into MM theory(Modigliani and Miller 1963) 3.Miller model. Merton H. Miller (1976) proposed to consider corporate tax and individual tax in estimating how the debt leverage impacts the value of firm (Miller 1977). During the past 50-year, MM theory has made nasty academic achievements for western companies in exploring the optimal roof grammatical construction and cut down with child(p) costs etc. premierly, it provides a research frame of citation and theoretical basis. Since that, most of the capital theories are base on MM theory, such as Pecking-order Theory, Trade-off Theory, and Agency Theory etc.Secondly, MM theory makes the capital structure theories systematic and builds a framework for the cultivation of capital structure theories. Secondly, MM theory makes the capital tructure theory systematically, as there was not a system of traditionalistic capital structure th eory. Last, but not least, it is only a general description of the traditional capital structure theory. While MM theory uses modern uninflected methods, such as partial equilibrium, mathematical analysis etc, therefore, it makes MM theory become reliable.Despite tremendous achievements, there are still limitations in MM theory. First, the assumptions are too harsh, and most of them cannot be achieved in reality. To illustrate, MM theory assumes that individuals and corporations could borrow at the ore than what corporations do, as well as arrest a higher risk. Furthermore, MM theory also assumes there is no transaction cost, which extremely differs from the real transaction cultivate. Second, the assumptions are beyond the reality, although the system of logic derivation is correct, the conclusions still differs.Both corporate tax model and Miller model suppose that corporation should raise the liability as ofttimes as possible in order to maximise the value of the firm, in ex tremity, up to 100% liability. However, none of enterprises adopt this point. Third, MM theory stands at a static erspective, and does not consider the external economic environs and the impact on capital structure by changing enterprises production and operating conditions. In fact, many factors, which affect the capital structures, are variable.For example, companies should cut down their liabilities appropriately in order to deoxidize business risks, when the socio-economic experiences a recession. According to MM theory, the value of tax conservation is associated with the corporate income tax rate. That is, the higher corporate income tax rate, the more tax deductible the corporation could achieve from backing by liability. In different words, corporations are inclined to finance by liabilities rather than equity funding in relative higher corporate income tax rate countries, and depravity versa.Under the actual situation in china, the corporate income tax is overmuch higher than other(a) countries in the world corporations should prefer financing from debt theoretically (Huang and Zhang 2007). However, actually, the capital structure of Chinese enterprises runs counter to the MM theory and other capital structure theories. The proportion of liability financing in China is far less than the proportion of equity financing (Huang and Song 2006). First of all, there is merely no mechanism in applying MM theory.In accordance with the MM theory, both individual and institutional investors can process arbitrage actions freely in the capital markets. In western well-developed capital markets, there is a wide range of fund-raising channels and other financing options, the arbitrage mechanisms usually affect the markets. However, at present, the market mechanism is not fully developed in China, as well as capital market is under-developed. Thus, these limit the financing options and forms make it difficult to carry prohibited arbitrage activities. Gener ally, MM theory cannot be applied.

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